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English IV: Short Story Research: Overview

What is Literary Criticism?

"Criticism asks what literature is, what it does, and what it is worth." 
- Encyclopedia Britannica

Literary criticism analyzes, interprets, and evaluates works of literature. Though you most often find criticism in the form of an essay, in-depth book reviews may also be considered criticism. Criticism may analyze an individual work of literature. It may also examine an author’s body of work.

Why study literary criticism?

Authors present us with work that can have multiple meanings, expecting us to consider thoughtfully - to interpret. Writers and critics build on each others' understanding of a work of literature in a kind of dialog. Good criticism can help us develop a better understanding of a work. In addition, it can help us develop a point of view about a work, whether or not we agree with the opinions of the critic.

When looking at literary criticism, check for:

  • Credentials of the writer
  • Quality of the sources--journals, books, Websites
  • Opinions, supported by evidence, relating to:
    • Characterization
    • Voice
    • Style
    • Theme
    • Setting
    • Technical qualities of the writing (artistry, style, use of language)
    • Interpretation
    • Complex ideas and problems
    • Relationship of work to the time, or social, historical, or political trends

AVOID these types of sources - they are NOT literary criticism:

  • Plot summaries, SparkNotes, LitCharts, Cliff's Notes, etc.
  • Casual posts on discussion groups
  • The works of other students

 

Stories and Themes

“The Lesson” by Toni Cade Bambara

  • Class
  • Social justice
  • Racial and social inequality
  • Conflict resolution
  • Choice vs. circumstance

“Everyday Use” by Alice Walker

  • Identity
  • Family
  • Culture and tradition
  • Heritage

“Bicycles, Muscles, Cigarettes” by Raymond Carver

  • Class
  • Parenting, families, generations
  • Addiction
  • Making choices
  • Conflict resolution

“Girl” by Jamaica Kincaid

  • Post-colonialism
  • Gender
  • Heteronormativity
  • Domesticity
  • Culture and tradition

“Salvador Late or Early” by Sandra Cisneros

  • Immigration
  • Marginalization
  • Child labor
  • Identity
  • Othering and belonging

“The Dune” by Stephen King

  • Good over evil
  • Obsession
  • Horror and imagination
  • Generation stereotypes
  • The supernatural

“Thank You Ma'am” by Langston Hughes

  • Choice vs. circumstance
  • Compassion and empathy

“EPICAC” by Kurt Vonnegut

  • Technology and humans
  • Magical realism
  • Science fiction
  • War and destruction

"Raymond's Run" by Toni Cade Bambara

  • Neurodiversity
  • Acceptance
  • Rivalries vs. friendship

“The Treasure of Lemon Brown” by Walter Dean Myers

  • Homelessness
  • Crime and public safety
  • Family and trauma
  • Horrors of war
  • Empathy and compassion

“The Tell-tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe

  • Mortality
  • Guilt
  • Psychological disorders

"The Cask of Amontillado" by Edgar Allan Poe

  • Revenge
  • Pride
  • Addiction
  • Ambivalence